100 Most Common North American Trees Black Cherry Tree

Analysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness - 1233 Words

Imperialism has often been described as a light, a method to guide the uncivilized. However in Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad sheds true light on the subject. In the novel, Conrad exposes the situation in Congo during the era of Imperialism for the Europeans. Conrad reveals the exploitation of the natives through a tale of Marlow, an introspective sailor, and his nightmarish journey up the Congo River to meet a reputable European trader, Kurtz. As the life of the great Kurtz comes to a close, the horrors he speaks of could be referring to the atrocities that were taking place in the Congo, his realization of how horrible mankind can become without the structure and morality that are laid out by society, or the horror of Kurtz failing to carry out his grand plan of eventually becoming a godlike figure. In Heart of Darkness, violence and savagery is a recurring matter. As Kurtz approaches his inevitable death, he comes to a realization of the terrifying truth of the European colonization of Africa, that the atrocities and exploitation of the native that they have caused is pure evil. This brutal treatment of the Africans is driven by extreme greed and is evident all throughout the book. Marlow describes the Africans when he first sees them as effaced by â€Å"the attitudes of pain, abandonment, and despair†, and he witnesses this as they are being forced to do â€Å"the work!† while some of them are slowly dying one by one (63). As Marlow observes this barbarity occurring around him,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1504 Words   |  7 Pagescontrol over others and can be found in both people and objects. In Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness the main character and narrator Marlow identifies a force within ivory that conveys a sense po wer within the enigmatic Mr. Kurtz. The African ivory trade was flourishing in the early 1900’s. Obtaining the precious object transformed some into greedy connoisseurs with endless intentions to get their hands on all of the continents ivory. Conrad shows that the power that is emitted from the ivory falls intoRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s The Heart Of Darkness 1801 Words   |  8 PagesAlly Jones Professor Smith English 1302 November 18, 2014 Female Roles in Joseph Conrad s the Heart of Darkness: In regards to Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, many literature reviews focus on the motifs of Imperialism, the symbolism of darkness and fog, or the aspect of racism in Conrad’s work. During the era which Conrad wrote, England was going through the Victorian Era, which was marked by a shift in views on morality. The term â€Å"Victorian morality† is used today to describe values whichRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness 1713 Words   |  7 PagesMonth: January 2014 Name: Faris Khan Period: 3 Title: Heart of Darkness Author: Joseph Conrad Date started/date completed: 1/19 - 1/28 Pages read: 96/96 (Including the ten page introduction, 106/96) Rating of book (1-10): 9/10 Above you rated this book. Explain in detail why you gave this book that score: Author Joseph Conrad uses a very interesting method of narration in his novel, Heart of Darkness. The novel itself is written in first person, from the perspective of an unnamed sailor aboardRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness 1396 Words   |  6 PagesShelly Pyakurel Ellen Stockstill English 4 DC 27 April 2015 Research Paper Heart of Darkness is a novel by Joseph Conrad that centers on Marlow, a man who goes to the Congo for a job opportunity. He meets a man named Kurtz, who is well known by many. Once he gets to the Congo, he sees colonialism first-hand. He sees that the natives of the country were practically enslaved and forced to work under very harsh conditions. The two major characters of the novel are Marlow and Kurtz. There are many minorRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1552 Words   |  7 Pagesfollowers. Historically, people have been socialized to accept and adhere to these stereotypes. Women have an important role in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. Women are used in this novella reflect an important aspect of culture: sexism. Heart of Darkness was originally published in 1898, a period where women were facing especially harsh discrimination. Conrad’s Heart of Darkness tells the story of Marlow, an experienced sea captain, who is setting out on a mission to rescue Kurtz, an intelligent butRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1555 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough the author Joseph Conrad never met the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who died more than a century before Conrad’s birth, their distinct philosophies still have numerous points of intersection, suggesting some fundamental truths within the structure of the human reality. Through the novella, Heart of Darkness, Conrad details his perspectives on the faults of man and reality as a whole, with views often coinciding with many of Leibniz’s own, as found in his numerous philosophicalRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness963 Words   |  4 Pagespeople. Heart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad, can be criticised through many different lenses. Though Natives are a large part of Conrad’s narrative of E uropean atrocities in the Congo, his treatment of Congolese Natives throughout the book show them to be nothing more than props. Conrad skews Natives language, culture and intelligence to fit Europeans schema for Africa and Africans. Conrad’s Heart of Darkness is placed in a colonized Congo. ...despite Heart of Darkness s (Joseph Conrad) obviousRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1080 Words   |  5 Pages1 Kathrine Carrasquillo Dr. David Mulry Engl 2112 Feb 13, 2017 Who is Mr. Kurtz, and what does Conrad use him for? Mr. Kurtz is the main character in Joseph Conrad s English novella, Heart of Darkness. There is no proof that Mr. Kurtz is based on a real person, so it is assumed that he is a made up character. When Mr. Kurtz is first introduced the audience learns that he is a Belgian ivory trader and he was sent to Africa by his employer for work. At first glance, Mr. Kurtz just represents a normalRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1250 Words   |  5 Pages Written in 1902, Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness follows the character Marlow in his journey up the Congo River to find the mysterious Kurtz, an ivory trader. In the story, Conrad explores the issues of colonialism and imperialism. The Company has enslaved native Congolese to help them mine for ivory and rubber in the area. The Congolese experience brutal working conditions as the company profits off their free labor. Racism is evident throughout the story with Marlow calling the blacks â€Å"savages†Read M oreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness 2026 Words   |  9 Pages Ryan Li 7/22/17 AP Lit/Comp Summer Reading Heart of Darkness Heart of Darkness is written by Joseph Conrad and published in 1899. It is a novella written in the early modernism literary period. Joseph Conrad was born as Jà ³zef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski on December three 1857 in Berdichev, Ukraine to Polish parents. He was raised and educated in Poland. After his career is the seafarer in the French and British merchant Marines, he wrote short stories which he used his experiences

Aesthetics and cultural theory Free Essays

Introduction Subjectivity is the starting point of Hegel’s statement. His lectures on aesthetics give the significance of art within his philosophy while the German period of romanticism is being explained and critiqued. Recent theorists such as Theodor Adorno, Paul Guyer and Arthur Danto based their views on aesthetics from Hegel’s outlook on art. We will write a custom essay sample on Aesthetics and cultural theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now All support that Hegelian idealism was introduced with a poor consequence of personal subjectivity. The idealistic philosophers argued that only our conscience has real status and that the physical world is only a product of consciousness. The idealism (or utopianism) is closely linked to the religion either directly or indirectly and all philosophies based on this term are supporting the existence of a superior power that can not be interlinked with human’s capability. The most effective way of understanding the whole concept of idealism is to study directly the forefather of all theorists. Plato in his book, ‘The Republic’, gives an allegory (the ‘cave’) to represent idealism in it’s simpler form. He describes men sitting in a dark cave who are chained in such a way that they can look in only one direction. Few meters behind them, light comes out of a fire which casts their shadows towards a wall they cannot see. Plato asks us to imagine those men in that specific position for their entire life. Having no experience of anything else, these men understand what they have experienced before reality is being represented to them. The philosopher continues with his metaphor and asks us to visualise that those prisoners got unchained and faced the existence of the fire and the shadows. They begin to have a sense of the environment they lived in. The allegory ends, with Plato explaining that those men in the cave are us. As a consequence, we experience the world with our only five senses, but as a matter of fact ‘our world’ is made with images and three-dimensional shadows. He claims that our mind has absoluteness perfection (‘absolute mind’). As we look into sun and turn away for protecting our eyes, thats how we turn back into the cave, in our safe place of sense perception. Now, modern idealism puts forward a cognitive human activity and attributes to a self-determined reality, such as the ‘absolute truth’ and creativity. Two German recent idealism theorists, J. G. Fichte and Friedrich von Schelling, which came to a climax in an absolute idealism of Hegel, started giving their explanation with a refutation of the uncertain thing-in-itself. However, Hegel formulated a complete structure of thought about art and the world. Most importantly, he hold up that reality should be logical, so that it’s eventual framework will be shown by our own thoughts. He did not think that symbolic, so by extension, conceptual art, has the ability to surpass the high nature of classical Greek art and its representational/imitative abilities. This is because, as he explains, since symbolisms, depend on the knowledge of man of the earth and society, and because, we can never know everything about the human psyche, trying to represent it with symbolisms, is just not enough. Hence, imitative art, which is what classical Greek sculptures, are of a much higher regard to Hegel, than symbolic art. He describes it as ‘the sensuous presentation of ideas’. It is in the communication of ideas excluding the connection between our reason and our sensory faculty and is distinctive successful. Modern aesthetic theorists turn first and f oremost to Kant, an 18th century German philosopher, and the historical convention of German romanticism to utilize the role of ‘pessimistic’ art. Hegelian view comes to support that art does more than sabotage the non?aesthetic. Thus, modern art can preferable take in contemporary artistic practices. Both theorists connect that art is superior to the external world, both opposed to appetite and enjoyment. Hegel gives his philosophy on art that is, as a whole, his main philosophical system. For us, to comprehend his philosophy of art we must understand his philosophy as a whole. Similar with Aristotle’s way of thinking, Hegel believes that the investigation of logic could lead to a key system of reality. Thus, logic is being characterised as dialectical. Poetry for Hegel seem not to have something physical as a sculpture. In that way, music according to him is the least spiritual form of art. On the other hand, Kant stated as an important matter that a generic explanation of the world could lead to an opposite observation. But Hegel explained that those two notions could be integrated by a move to a different way of thinking. Consequently, our mind moves from thesis, to antithesis, to synthesis[4]. This could be seen in history, nature and cultural progress. All the thinking consists by the idea (thesis), which antithesis is nature, while combining (synthesis) the two it forms t he spirit. This could also be named as the ‘absolute’ itself and is examined in more detail in Hegel’s ‘Phenomenology of Spirit’ as a transformation from subjective to objective to the absolute spirit. He is examining the organised structures in humanity giving absolute freedom and self determination to be essential. Those vitals principles include the practice of right, having a family and being part of a civil society (state). The most developed and sufficient perception of spirit is achieved by philosophy. It provides a conceptual understanding of the nature of reason while it describes why reason must take the form of time, space, life, matter and self-conscious spirit. In Christianity, however, the procedure which the ‘idea’ or ‘reason’ turns into self-conscious spirit is symbolised with metaphors and images as the procedure where God turns into spirit lies within humans. This is the process we place our belief and faith rather our notion of understanding. Hegel supports that humans cannot live with just the hypothesis of things but also need to trust the truth. He asserts that ‘is in religion that a nation defines what is considers to be trueà ¢â‚¬â„¢. According to Hegel, art is different from religion or philosophy and it’s purpose is the formation of beautiful objects in which aesthetically pleasing indication is coming through. Therefore, the main target of art is not impersonate nature but to give us the opportunity to look at images being made by non-materialistic freedom. In other words, art exists not just for the purpose of having ‘art’ but for beauty. This union of freedom and beauty from Hegel shows his obligation to two other theorists, Schiller and Kant. Kant goes further to analyse that our understanding of beauty is a form of freedom. He explains, by judging an object or a piece of art as beautiful, we are discernmenting about a thing. By this we are declaring that the ‘thing’ or object has an effect on us, thus everyone will have the same effect. This results to a comprehension and vision in ‘free play’ with each other, and it is this delight that comes from the ‘free play’ that guides us to our judgment if something is nice or not. Schiller comes in contrast with Kant which explains beauty as a belonging of the object itself. He stress that freedom is independent from our mind (Kant describes as ‘noumena’). ‘Freedom in appearance, autonomy in appearance [†¦] that the object appears as free, not that it really is so’’ However, in Hegel’s view on beauty, is being described as the complete manifestation of freedom. It can be seen or sound like a sensory expression. Hegel moves a step further to explain that beauty can be created by nature but as he calls a ‘sensuous’ beauty’ it can only be found through art which can be produced by people. For him, beauty has symmetrical qualities. It has elements that are not organised in a framework but are joined organically. We were told, as he explains, that the Greek outline is beautiful, because the nose is flawless under the forehead while the Roman human profile has more sharper angles between them. Nevertheless, beauty’s importance is not only the shape but also the content. Modern art-theorists disagree with Hegel’s theory of beauty and art. They claim that art can include any content. This content is described in religion as God, then a beautiful art could be seen as angelic. Nonetheless, Hegel insists that Godly art is through a humankind form as freedom. He understands that piece of art could consists of nature such as plants or animals but he thinks that art is responsible to show the angelic form, as mentioned before. Only a human can represent reason and spirit through colors and sounds. Art, in Hegel’s eyes, is metaphorical. Not because it always comes to copy what is in nature, but the main motivation of art is to communicate and represent what he explained as a ‘free spirit’. It can mostly be attained throughout humans and images. Particular, art exist to remind our mind that us, as human beings, have freedom and try not to forget the truth within ourselves. It is the only way the ‘freedom of spirit’ could be seen in it’s simplest form. The contradiction with art is that it links truth all through romanticised images made by someone. As mentioned before, according to Hegel, this spirit and beauty could be found through ancient Greek sculptures (Aeschylus, Praxiteles, Phidias and Sophocles). The German philosopher explains that are a lot of things we can be named as ‘art’, such as the Greek sculptures mentioned before, Shakespearian plays, but not everything is entitled to be called like that. This is because not everything represent what ‘true’ art really is. He sets some standards that a piece of work has to meet in order to be beautiful art. References BBC magazine, A Point of View: Why are museums so uninspiring(London, BBC, 2011) [accessed 11 mar 2011] Hegel G. W. F., Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit, (Oxford: University Press, 1977) Hegel G. W. F., Hegel’s Aesthetics: Lectures on fine art, Know, vol.1 (Oxford: University Press, 2010) Hegel G. W. F., Hegel: Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion: Volume II: Determinate Religion: Determinate Religion v. 2 (Oxford: University Press, 2007) Immanuel Kant, ‘Kant: Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason: And Other Writings’ (Cambridge, University Press, 2004) Jason M, Miller, ‘Research Proposal’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Notre Dame, 2004), p.2 Robin, Waterfield, ‘Plato’s Republic’ (Oxford: University Press, 2008) Stephen, Houlgate, ‘Hegel’s aesthetics’, (The Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy, 2009) [accessed 15 Mar 2011] Schiller, Friedrich, ‘Kallias or Concerning Beauty: Letters to Gottfried Korner†, in Classical and Romantic German Aesthetics’, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003) How to cite Aesthetics and cultural theory, Essay examples

Foundations of Research Inquiry in Health

Question: What is social isolation like for older people? Answer: Foundations of Research Background: According to Dickens et al. (2011), social isolation is considered as a one of the most important topics in health-related researches. Recently this issue gets the lime light of the media and attracting lots of people because of its high rates of increase. According to the study of Steptoe et al. (2013), it is found that a large number of people in this society are the victims of social isolation. However, it is also found that the older people of the society are the more vulnerable group of this threat than the others (Shankar et al. 2011). Although many researchers try to define the reasons behind the isolations of this group of people through their extensive research studies it is recognized that there are so many factors played as variables as the reason of isolation of the older people, it is hard for the researchers to define, which are the important one. Therefore, the research of this article carefully developed the research question with the help of PICO format. The research question, which is developed with the help of PICO format, is as follows- What is social isolation like for older people? This research question can be considered with importance in the context of the nursing practice due to its severity and the impact of human health. According to the study of (Cacioppo, Hawkley and Thisted 2010), the health consequences of the social isolation are a matter of great concern. The majority of the research studies showed that the social isolation can lead towards several health risks even the death of the victim has been reported. According to Ahmed, and Haboubi (2010), older people are the main victim of social isolation as they are mostly overlooked by their families because of their poor health and feeble memories. According to the research study of Luo et al. (2012), it is found that the older people who are abandoned by their family are mostly suffering from health issues than those who are having the kindest attention of their families. It is also found from the research studies that the older people who have Alzheimer and dementia are mostly avoided by the society. The impact of social stigma is so heavier in their life that they catch up more health issues, mainly depression, which leads them to the deterioration of their health and eventually towards an unwelcome death. Therefore, it can be said that picking up this research question is justified to find out the impact of the social isolation on the older people, especially those who are mentally ill. Database search string: PICO is one of the most helpful to identify the search terminology and form a research question, after answering which the researcher can enlighten the truth and find the interventions. The PICO terms used to develop the questions are as follows- P=Patient, Participants, Problem, Population I= Intervention (Prognostic Factor, Exposure) C= Comparison O= Outcomes Older people Social Isolation - Wellbeing Keywords: The keywords identified with PICO are as follows- Impacts of social isolation on older people Older people and Social Isolation Truncation: In this search string ! is used as a truncation to find a root word and other terms that can be formed by using letters to the end. The is used as follows- Older people and socio!- This search terminology finds the results with- older people with social stigma, older people with social issues and older people with social isolation. Wildcards: In this search string * is used to hold space for other characters and form search terminology such as- Older people Soc*** isolation- which covered older people with socio isolation and older people with sociocultural Abbreviations: No abbreviations were used in the search strategy Boolean Operators: AND is used as one of the most important Boolean Operators in the search string in the following way- Older people and social isolation. Results List of five relevant research articles- Boulos, C., Salameh, P. Barberger-Gateau, P. 2016, "Social isolation and risk for malnutrition among older people: Social isolation and malnutrition",Geriatrics Gerontology International,, pp. n/a. Dickens, A.P., Richards, S.H., Greaves, C.J. Campbell, J.L. 2011, "Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: a systematic review",BMC public health, 11, no. 1, pp. 647-647. Kono, A., Tadaka, E., Kanaya, Y., Dai, Y., Itoi, W. Imamatsu, Y. 2012, "Development of a community commitment scale with cross-sectional survey validation for preventing social isolation in older Japanese people",BMC public health, 12, no. 1, pp. 903. VICTOR, C.R., SCAMBLER, S.J., BOWLING, A. BOND, J. 2005, "The prevalence of, and risk factors for, loneliness in later life: a survey of older people in Great Britain",Ageing and Society, 25, no. 6, pp. 357-375. Hawton, A., Green, C., Dickens, A.P., Richards, S.H., Taylor, R.S., Edwards, R., Greaves, C.J. Campbell, J.L. 2011, "The impact of social isolation on the health status and health-related quality of life of older people",Quality of Life Research, 20, no. 1, pp. 57-67. Table 1. Peer-reviewed Research Articles Article Reference (authors and publication date) Study Design (i.e., ethnography, cohort, RCT phenomenology,) Population (how many participants, age, gender, disease, etc.) Intervention OR Issue (what was being implemented or studied) Comparison If relevant (what was the intervention compared against?) Outcomes (what were the main findings of the study?) 1 Boulos, C., Salameh, P. Barberger-Gateau, P. 2016 A cohort study was performed by the researchers to find out the impact of social isolation on the older people. To perform the study, 1200 randomly selected older people (65) were included in the study from the rural areas of Lebanon. In this study the researchers interviewed the older people about their isolation and if they are deprived of the food facilities. The issue focused in this study is the malnutrition among the older people as a result of social isolation. In this study, the researchers did not compare any interventions. The result of the study reflects that the social isolation is highly related with the increasing malnutrition risks among the older people. However, they were unable to find any relationship between the risk of malnutrition and frequency of sharing of meals. 2 Dickens, A.P., Richards, S.H., Greaves, C.J. Campbell, J.L. 2011 Secondary research was performed to find out a proper intervention step for the older people who are suffering social isolation. More than 7067 papers were analysed by the researchers and evidence were collected. The following types of interventions procedures were used in this study- BCI (Bereavement crisis intervention), SAI (Social adjustment intervention). The researchers of this study compared the interventions between the randomised group and the control group From the study, it is found overall increment in social network helped to decrease the impact of social isolation 3 Kono, A., Tadaka, E., Kanaya, Y., Dai, Y., Itoi, W. Imamatsu, Y. 2012 A pilot test was performed by the researchers, which was followed by a cohort study. In this research populations of two local governments (Matsubara and Daito) were included in this study. The total number of participant of this is 859 In this paper, the researchers focused on the interventions (CCS) in a community to prevent social isolation among the older Japanese people. In this study, the researchers did not compare any interventions between the control group and study group. The result of the research study showed that the intervention (CCS) used by the researcher in this study have validity and is capable of helping the older people who are the victim of social isolation. 4 VICTOR, C.R., SCAMBLER, S.J., BOWLING, A. BOND, J. 2005 A cohort study had been performed by the researchers with the help of face to face interview to find out the risk factors of the social isolation among the older people. For this study, 999 participants were selected who are aged more than 65 years old and live in their home. In this research study, the researchers were focused on the prevalence of the risk factors, which are related with the loneliness of the older people. In this study, the researchers did not compare any interventions between the control group and study group. The result showed the risk factors related to health increases due to the loneliness and social isolation of the older people. 5 Hawton, A., Green, C., Dickens, A.P., Richards, S.H., Taylor, R.S., Edwards, R., Greaves, C.J. Campbell, J.L. 2011 A cohort study had been performed by the researchers to find out the impact of social isolation on the health status of the older people. For this study, 393 participants were selected by the researchers based on inclusion criteria. In this study, the researchers focused on the impact of social isolation on the health of older people. In this study, the researchers did not compare any interventions between the control group and study group. As the result of this study, the researchers showed the degree of clinical attendance increases among the older people with the increase of social isolation. Discussion According to Hawkley and Cacioppo (2010), the Academy of Medical-Surgical Nurses (AMSN) considers EBP (evidenced based practice) is the best way to develop best patient care. The impact of EBP is already proved as very helpful in the nursing practice. From the research study of Cacioppo et al. (2011), it is found that the patient outcomes can be improved immensely with the significant help of evidence-based practices. However, the use of evidence-based practice is a time-consuming method and needs extensive search knowledge. To perform evidence-based practices first, it is important to develop a research question, answering which the researcher can meet the target of the research or fulfil the research purpose. I found that the use of PICO format was extensively helpful to develop an ideal research question. An ideal research question should be consists of four parts such as the participants/ patients, Interventions/ issues, Comparison and outcomes. While developing the research ques tion, I found PICO format is efficient as it helped to identify each of the elements of the research question, such as older people, social isolation and the wellbeing of the older people. Therefore, I can say that the formation of research question helped me to enrich my knowledge about the current health care issues and find out proper interventions for the patients. On the other hand, while developing the research string, I gathered knowledge how to use the Keywords, Truncation, Abbreviations, Wildcards and Boolean operators. With the help of proper search terminology, I managed to find five most relevant papers that helped me to find out the answers to the research question. To analyse those papers, I have used a table format, which helped me to analyse each of the important sections of the research paper in a proper way. The identification of related research not only helped me to find out the answer to the research question but also helped me to enrich my knowledge about the s elected health-related issue. From the articles, I found that the social isolation has a deep impact on the health of the victims. I also found recognized that the older people are the most vulnerable towards social isolation. The associated research articles enriched my knowledge about the interventions that can be taken by the community members to help the older people who are the victim of social isolation. In addition, with evidence now I know the severity of the social isolation among the old people. The evidence I have gathered after reviewing the associated current journals are indeed helpful to take or promote proper interventions to help the older people who are vulnerable towards the social isolation (Perissinotto, Cenzer and Covinsky 2012). While searching the relevant papers with the help of appropriate search terminology I found a handful of papers where the researchers compared the impact of social isolation with the loneliness of the older people, which in turn enrich ed my knowledge about the topic and encouraged me to perform EBP in an extensive way. Reference Ahmed, T. and Haboubi, N., 2010. Assessment and management of nutrition in older people and its importance to health.Clin Interv Aging,5(1), pp.207-16. Boulos, C., Salameh, P. Barberger-Gateau, P. 2016, "Social isolation and risk for malnutrition among older people: Social isolation and malnutrition",Geriatrics Gerontology International,, pp. n/a. Cacioppo, J.T., Hawkley, L.C. and Thisted, R.A., 2010. Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year cross-lagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study.Psychology and aging,25(2), p.453. Cacioppo, J.T., Hawkley, L.C., Norman, G.J. and Berntson, G.G., 2011. Social isolation.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1231(1), pp.17-22. Dickens, A.P., Richards, S.H., Greaves, C.J. and Campbell, J.L., 2011. Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: a systematic review.BMC public health,11(1), p.1. Dickens, A.P., Richards, S.H., Greaves, C.J. Campbell, J.L. 2011, "Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: a systematic review",BMC public health,vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 647-647. Hawkley, L.C. and Cacioppo, J.T., 2010. Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms.Annals of Behavioral Medicine,40(2), pp.218-227. Hawton, A., Green, C., Dickens, A.P., Richards, S.H., Taylor, R.S., Edwards, R., Greaves, C.J. Campbell, J.L. 2011, "The impact of social isolation on the health status and health-related quality of life of older people",Quality of Life Research,vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 57-67. Kono, A., Tadaka, E., Kanaya, Y., Dai, Y., Itoi, W. Imamatsu, Y. 2012, "Development of a community commitment scale with cross-sectional survey validation for preventing social isolation in older Japanese people",BMC public health,vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 903. Luo, Y., Hawkley, L.C., Waite, L.J. and Cacioppo, J.T., 2012. Loneliness, health, and mortality in old age: A national longitudinal study.Social science medicine,74(6), pp.907-914. Perissinotto, C.M., Cenzer, I.S. and Covinsky, K.E., 2012. Loneliness in older persons: a predictor of functional decline and death.Archives of internal medicine,172(14), pp.1078-1084. Shankar, A., McMunn, A., Banks, J. and Steptoe, A., 2011. Loneliness, social isolation, and behavioral and biological health indicators in older adults.Health Psychology,30(4), p.377. Steptoe, A., Shankar, A., Demakakos, P. and Wardle, J., 2013. Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,110(15), pp.5797-5801. VICTOR, C.R., SCAMBLER, S.J., BOWLING, A. BOND, J. 2005, "The prevalence of, and risk factors for, loneliness in later life: a survey of older people in Great Britain",Ageing and Society,vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 357-375.